

Cervical Cancer
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer begins in the cervix; the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It often starts with precancerous changes called dysplasia, which can be detected early with screening tests like the Pap smear. Most cases are linked to long-term infection with high-risk strains of HPV (human papillomavirus)

Cervical Cancer Types
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (90%)
•Develops from squamous cells covering the outer cervix
Adenocarcinoma
•Develops from glandular cells that produce mucus within the cervix.
Mixed Carcinoma
•Has elements of both squamous and glandular cells.
Cervical Cancer Symptoms
- •Vaginal bleeding after intercourse Bleeding between periods or after menopause Heavier or longer periods than usual
What’s Notable
Early cervical cancer may not show any symptoms at all.
Many symptoms mimic common infections - don't ignore changes that persist
When to Seek Help
If bleeding or discharge patterns feel “off” or symptoms last beyond 2 weeks, consult a gynecologist. Early-stage cervical cancer is highly treatable.
Cervical Cancer Causes & Risk Factors
HPV Infection
Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by high-risk HPV strains, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18
Immunocompromised State
HIV or long-term steroid use can increase susceptibility
LIfestyle
Obesity(post-menopause), alcohol, smoking, inactivity, poor diet
Smoking
Weakens cervical cell immunity and doubles cancer risk
Multiple Sexual Partners
Increases exposure risk to HPV, thereby increasing risk of getting cervical cancer
Cervical Cancer Diagnosis
Initial Symptoms & Check-up
Step 1: Initial Check-Up (If you notice unusual vaginal bleeding, discharge, or pelvic pain)
What happens:
- Doctor performs pelvic exam and visual inspection
- May do a Pap smear and/or HPV test
- Your role: Share all symptoms, even if they seem minor
Cervical Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy
Purpose:
Kills rapidly growing cervical cancer cells throughout the body.
Common drugs:
Cisplatin (standard), Carboplatin (used when cisplatin isn't tolerated)
Side effects:
Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, low blood counts
Targeted Therapy
Purpose:
Blocks cancer growth by targeting specific proteins
Common drug:
Bevacizumab (anti-angiogenic)
Side effects:
High blood pressure, bleeding risks, headaches
Immunotherapy
Purpose:
Boosts the immune system to fight cancer
Used for:
Advanced or PD-L1+ cervical cancers
Common drug:
Pembrolizumab
Side effects:
Fatigue, skin rash, inflammation of organs
Cervical Cancer Stages
•Also known as carcinoma in situ, this stage is non-invasive.
•Abnormal cells are confined to the lining of the cervix and have not spread deeper.
•Includes cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 or carcinoma in situ.
•Highly treatable and considered pre-cancerous.
Management & Prevention
Follow Up Care
•Regular pelvic exams and scans to monitor for recurrence.
Hormonal Health
•Managing symptoms of early menopause with lifestyle changes or hormone therapy when appropriate.
Sexual Health Support
•Physical therapy and counseling to address intimacy or vaginal changes post-treatment.
Cervical Cancer Types
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (90%)
•Develops from squamous cells covering the outer cervix
Adenocarcinoma
•Develops from glandular cells that produce mucus within the cervix.
Mixed Carcinoma
•Has elements of both squamous and glandular cells.
Cervical Cancer Symptoms
- •Vaginal bleeding after intercourse Bleeding between periods or after menopause Heavier or longer periods than usual
What’s Notable
Early cervical cancer may not show any symptoms at all.
Many symptoms mimic common infections - don't ignore changes that persist
When to Seek Help
If bleeding or discharge patterns feel “off” or symptoms last beyond 2 weeks, consult a gynecologist. Early-stage cervical cancer is highly treatable.
Cervical Cancer Causes & Risk Factors
HPV Infection
Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by high-risk HPV strains, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18
Immunocompromised State
HIV or long-term steroid use can increase susceptibility
LIfestyle
Obesity(post-menopause), alcohol, smoking, inactivity, poor diet
Smoking
Weakens cervical cell immunity and doubles cancer risk
Multiple Sexual Partners
Increases exposure risk to HPV, thereby increasing risk of getting cervical cancer
Cervical Cancer Diagnosis
Initial Symptoms & Check-up
Step 1: Initial Check-Up (If you notice unusual vaginal bleeding, discharge, or pelvic pain)
What happens:
- Doctor performs pelvic exam and visual inspection
- May do a Pap smear and/or HPV test
- Your role: Share all symptoms, even if they seem minor
Cervical Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy
Purpose:
Kills rapidly growing cervical cancer cells throughout the body.
Common drugs:
Cisplatin (standard), Carboplatin (used when cisplatin isn't tolerated)
Side effects:
Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, low blood counts
Targeted Therapy
Purpose:
Blocks cancer growth by targeting specific proteins
Common drug:
Bevacizumab (anti-angiogenic)
Side effects:
High blood pressure, bleeding risks, headaches
Immunotherapy
Purpose:
Boosts the immune system to fight cancer
Used for:
Advanced or PD-L1+ cervical cancers
Common drug:
Pembrolizumab
Side effects:
Fatigue, skin rash, inflammation of organs
Cervical Cancer Stages
•Also known as carcinoma in situ, this stage is non-invasive.
•Abnormal cells are confined to the lining of the cervix and have not spread deeper.
•Includes cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 or carcinoma in situ.
•Highly treatable and considered pre-cancerous.
Management & Prevention
Follow Up Care
•Regular pelvic exams and scans to monitor for recurrence.
Hormonal Health
•Managing symptoms of early menopause with lifestyle changes or hormone therapy when appropriate.
Sexual Health Support
•Physical therapy and counseling to address intimacy or vaginal changes post-treatment.
Why Choose Everhope For Cervical Cancer?
At Everhope Oncology, we believe that cervical cancer is not merely an illness—it's an individual experience. With our experienced diagnostics, caring attention, and innovative therapies, we're committed to walking with you every step of the way toward healing and hope.
660K+
cases globally in 2022
350K+
deaths worldwide — 94% in low- and middle-income countries
127K+
new cases in India in 2022
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