Endometrial Cancer
What is Endometrial Cancer?
Endometrial cancer starts in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, usually as a result of hormonal disturbances, particularly increased estrogen. It is the most prevalent gynecologic malignancy and usually occurs in women after menopause. Although most instances are diagnosed when they are early due to abnormal bleeding, later stages can spread to the cervix, lymph nodes, or other distant organs.
Endomentrial Cancer Types
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
•It is the most frequent type of endometrial cancer, usually associated with long-term unopposed exposure to estrogen. It typically appears as an unrejecting low-grade, slowly enlarging tumor that is well-differentiated, and, if diagnosed early, has an excellent prognosis. Surgery is most commonly the treatment, followed by radiation or hormone treatment as indicated.
Serous and Clear Cell Carcinomas
•Type II endometrial cancers are rare but highly malignant. They are not linked to estrogen exposure and primarily present in older women. These are tumors comprising serous and clear cell carcinomas and are most likely high-grade at diagnosis and have a higher tendency to present early metastases, for which combined modality therapy in the form of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation is necessary for proper control. catheterization or repeated infections. It is more virulent and usually diagnosed at a later stage when it is more difficult to treat and results are less optimal than in the case of urothelial carcinoma.
Uterine Carcinosarcoma
•Uterine carcinosarcoma, or malignant mixed müllerian tumor, is a very aggressive and rare cancer that has both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components of tissue. Its dual nature is part of the reason for its fast growth and worse prognosis. Its treatment is usually extensive removal through surgery followed by intense chemotherapy and radiation to attack both the components of the tumor and prevent recurrence.
Endometrial Cancer Symptoms
- •
Unexpected bleeding after menopause or between menstrual periods is the most frequent and initial indicator of endometrial cancer.
- •
Recurring pelvic aches or a feeling of heaviness might be a sign of tumor growth in the surrounding tissues.
- •
Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse may be a result of changed uterine lining due to cancer.
- •
Watery, pink, or odorous discharge, particularly postmenopausal, may indicate abnormal uterine cell activity.
- •
Sudden, unexplained weight loss could be indicative of the body's reaction to cancer's metabolic needs.
- •
Chronic tiredness without association with exertion can mean underlying chronic disease, such as cancer.
What’s Notable
Endometrial cancer is the most frequent gynecologic cancer in industrialized nations.
It occurs in about 90% of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, so it can be detected early in most instances.
It occurs most often in women past menopause, with an average age at diagnosis of 60 years.
When to Seek Help
Seek medical help if you experience abnormal uterine bleeding, especially periodic or postmenopausal bleeding; pelvic pain or pressure; pain during intercourse; unusual vaginal discharge; unexplained weight loss or fatigue; or changes in urinary or bowel habits, as these signs may indicate uterine abnormalities or cancer.
Endometrial Cancer Causes & Risk Factors
Obesity
Increased body fat increases estrogen levels, greatly elevating the risk of overgrowth and cancer of endometrial cells.
Hormone Therapy (Estrogen Alone)
Use of estrogen alone, particularly after menopause, overstimulates the uterine lining and causes cancer.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
It creates prolonged exposure to estrogen, increasing the risk for endometrial cancer.
Late Menopause or Early Menstruation
Greater numbers of menstrual cycles throughout a lifetime raise estrogen exposure, heightening cancer risk.
Family History (Lynch Syndrome)
Genetic disorders such as Lynch syndrome elevate lifetime risk for endometrial and other cancers.
Diabetes or High Blood Pressure
These metabolic conditions are associated with hormonal and inflammatory alterations that might play a role in endometrial cancer risk.
Never Having Been Pregnant
Women who have not been pregnant may experience increased lifetime estrogen exposure in the absence of progesterone balance.
Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis
Symptom Identification & Initial Consultation
Step 1: Symptom Identification & Initial Consultation
Abnormal menstruation, pelvic pain, or abnormal vaginal bleeding lead to referral to a gynecologist. History and physical examination are the precipitants.
Your role: Share any changes you’ve noticed openly.
Imaging & Ultrasound Evaluation
Step 2: Imaging & Ultrasound Evaluation Pelvic MRI and transvaginal ultrasound establish abnormal endometrial thickness or tumor status, such as size and location.
D&C or Endometrial Biopsy
Step 3: D&C or Endometrial Biopsy
Tissue is removed from uterine lining through biopsy or dilation and curettage (D&C) to identify the stage and type of cancer.
Molecular and Genetic Testing
Step 4: Molecular and Genetic Testing
Mismatch repair protein assay and POLE mutation assay tests are predictive and prognostic for treatment selection.
Staging & Risk Assessment
Step 5: Staging & Risk Assessment
Cancer is staged (FIGO system) from imaging and operative information, assessing depth of invasion and lymph node status.
Individualized Treatment Planning
Step 6: Individualized Treatment Planning
A multidisciplinary tumour board formulates an individualised plan based on surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.
Step 1: Symptom Identification & Initial Consultation
Abnormal menstruation, pelvic pain, or abnormal vaginal bleeding lead to referral to a gynecologist. History and physical examination are the precipitants.
Your role: Share any changes you’ve noticed openly.
Step 2
Imaging & Ultrasound Evaluation
Step 3
D&C or Endometrial Biopsy
Step 4
Molecular and Genetic Testing
Step 5
Staging & Risk Assessment
Step 6
Individualized Treatment Planning
Endometrial Cancer Treatment & Therapy
Chemotherapy
What it does:
Destroys quickly growing cancer cells within the body.
Treated for:
Advanced, recurrent, or aggressive forms (such as serous or clear cell).
Recovery:
Given in cycles; side effects are loss of hair, nausea, and weakness.
Targeted Therapy
What it does :
Inhibits unique molecules propelling cancer growth (e.g., HER2, PI3K pathways).
Treated for:
Advanced cancers with unique genetic alterations.
Recovery:
Side effects vary with the drug; less harmful compared to classic chemo.
Immunotherapy
What it does:
Triggers the immune system to identify and fight cancer cells.
Used for:
Mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) endometrial cancer.
Drugs used:
Pembrolizumab, dostarlimab.
Recovery:
Can result in fatigue, rash, or inflammation of organs (rare).
Hormone Therapy
What it does:
Employ medications such as progestins to suppress hormones that nourish cancer growth.
Treated for:
Slow-growing cancers in patients who are not candidates for surgery or who have metastasis.
Recovery:
Usually well tolerated; weight gain and blood clot are potential risks.
Combination Therapy
What it is:
Uses more than one modality (e.g., surgery and chemo or chemo and immunotherapy) to maximize effectiveness.
Used for:
Advanced or recurrent cancers.
Recovery:
Closely monitored due to compounded side effects.
Palliative Care
What it does:
Treats pain, symptoms, and emotional distress in advanced stages.
Treatment for:
Advanced or incurable endometrial cancers.
Recovery:
Improves quality of life and daily function.
Hysterectomy (with or without salpingo-oophorectomy)
What it does:
Removes uterus, and frequently the ovaries and fallopian tubes, to destroy the primary site of cancer.
Treatment for:
Most early-stage endometrial cancer.
Recovery:
Hospital stay of 1–2 days, with recovery in 4–6 weeks depending on type of approach (open, laparoscopic, or robotic).
Lymph Node Dissection
What it does:
Evaluates spread and informs treatment planning by removing lymph nodes around the uterus.
Treatment for:
Intermediate- to high-risk cancer.
Recovery:
Varies by degree; can pose risk of swelling (lymphedema).
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)
What it does:
Directs high-energy beams to reach and kill cancer cells in the pelvis.
Treatment for:
Advanced or high-risk disease following surgery.
Recovery:
Outpatient, non-surgical treatment over several weeks; fatigue and skin irritation are usual.
Vaginal Brachytherapy
What it does:
Inserts a radioactive source within the vagina to destroy remaining cancer cells.
Treatment for:
Early-stage cancers following surgery with moderate risk.
Recovery:
Brief, localized treatment with few side effects.
Management & Prevention
Moving Forward with Strength
•Recovery from endometrial cancer is not merely a matter of the medical visits, but increasing physical health, emotional stability, and everyday living with strength and support.
Monitoring Hormone Balance
•Changes after treatment may require assistance in the form of drugs and follow-up for menopausal syndrome.
Rehabilitation Support
•Pelvic floor physio and surgical rehabilitation help manage side effects like lymphedema and improve mobility.
Follow-Up Care
•Routine imaging, blood tests, and pelvic examinations are significant to recurrence monitoring and overall well-being.
Mental Health Counseling
•Availability of psycho-oncology, a support group, or counseling can be used to cope with anxiety, body image, or fear of recurrence.
Peer Support
•Survivor well-being programs allow women to build confidence and live a normal life after treatment.
Mindfulness & Healing
•Yoga, meditation, writing, and spiritual healing modalities bring emotional stabilization and tranquility in recovery.
Nutrition for Recovery
•Plant-based, fiber-rich diet assists in the balance of weight and hormones, particularly in obesity or past history of diabetes.
Weight Management
•Healthy lifestyle changes like yoga, walking, and instinctive eating reduce recurrence risk and increase energy.
Sexual & Reproductive Health
•Open communication about intimacy, vaginal health, and fertility preservation are some of the key components of life after treatment.
Endomentrial Cancer Types
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma
•It is the most frequent type of endometrial cancer, usually associated with long-term unopposed exposure to estrogen. It typically appears as an unrejecting low-grade, slowly enlarging tumor that is well-differentiated, and, if diagnosed early, has an excellent prognosis. Surgery is most commonly the treatment, followed by radiation or hormone treatment as indicated.
Serous and Clear Cell Carcinomas
•Type II endometrial cancers are rare but highly malignant. They are not linked to estrogen exposure and primarily present in older women. These are tumors comprising serous and clear cell carcinomas and are most likely high-grade at diagnosis and have a higher tendency to present early metastases, for which combined modality therapy in the form of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation is necessary for proper control. catheterization or repeated infections. It is more virulent and usually diagnosed at a later stage when it is more difficult to treat and results are less optimal than in the case of urothelial carcinoma.
Uterine Carcinosarcoma
•Uterine carcinosarcoma, or malignant mixed müllerian tumor, is a very aggressive and rare cancer that has both carcinomatous and sarcomatous components of tissue. Its dual nature is part of the reason for its fast growth and worse prognosis. Its treatment is usually extensive removal through surgery followed by intense chemotherapy and radiation to attack both the components of the tumor and prevent recurrence.
Endometrial Cancer Symptoms
- •
Unexpected bleeding after menopause or between menstrual periods is the most frequent and initial indicator of endometrial cancer.
- •
Recurring pelvic aches or a feeling of heaviness might be a sign of tumor growth in the surrounding tissues.
- •
Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse may be a result of changed uterine lining due to cancer.
- •
Watery, pink, or odorous discharge, particularly postmenopausal, may indicate abnormal uterine cell activity.
- •
Sudden, unexplained weight loss could be indicative of the body's reaction to cancer's metabolic needs.
- •
Chronic tiredness without association with exertion can mean underlying chronic disease, such as cancer.
What’s Notable
Endometrial cancer is the most frequent gynecologic cancer in industrialized nations.
It occurs in about 90% of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, so it can be detected early in most instances.
It occurs most often in women past menopause, with an average age at diagnosis of 60 years.
When to Seek Help
Seek medical help if you experience abnormal uterine bleeding, especially periodic or postmenopausal bleeding; pelvic pain or pressure; pain during intercourse; unusual vaginal discharge; unexplained weight loss or fatigue; or changes in urinary or bowel habits, as these signs may indicate uterine abnormalities or cancer.
Endometrial Cancer Causes & Risk Factors
Obesity
Increased body fat increases estrogen levels, greatly elevating the risk of overgrowth and cancer of endometrial cells.
Hormone Therapy (Estrogen Alone)
Use of estrogen alone, particularly after menopause, overstimulates the uterine lining and causes cancer.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
It creates prolonged exposure to estrogen, increasing the risk for endometrial cancer.
Late Menopause or Early Menstruation
Greater numbers of menstrual cycles throughout a lifetime raise estrogen exposure, heightening cancer risk.
Family History (Lynch Syndrome)
Genetic disorders such as Lynch syndrome elevate lifetime risk for endometrial and other cancers.
Diabetes or High Blood Pressure
These metabolic conditions are associated with hormonal and inflammatory alterations that might play a role in endometrial cancer risk.
Never Having Been Pregnant
Women who have not been pregnant may experience increased lifetime estrogen exposure in the absence of progesterone balance.
Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis
Symptom Identification & Initial Consultation
Step 1: Symptom Identification & Initial Consultation
Abnormal menstruation, pelvic pain, or abnormal vaginal bleeding lead to referral to a gynecologist. History and physical examination are the precipitants.
Your role: Share any changes you’ve noticed openly.
Imaging & Ultrasound Evaluation
Step 2: Imaging & Ultrasound Evaluation Pelvic MRI and transvaginal ultrasound establish abnormal endometrial thickness or tumor status, such as size and location.
D&C or Endometrial Biopsy
Step 3: D&C or Endometrial Biopsy
Tissue is removed from uterine lining through biopsy or dilation and curettage (D&C) to identify the stage and type of cancer.
Molecular and Genetic Testing
Step 4: Molecular and Genetic Testing
Mismatch repair protein assay and POLE mutation assay tests are predictive and prognostic for treatment selection.
Staging & Risk Assessment
Step 5: Staging & Risk Assessment
Cancer is staged (FIGO system) from imaging and operative information, assessing depth of invasion and lymph node status.
Individualized Treatment Planning
Step 6: Individualized Treatment Planning
A multidisciplinary tumour board formulates an individualised plan based on surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.
Step 1: Symptom Identification & Initial Consultation
Abnormal menstruation, pelvic pain, or abnormal vaginal bleeding lead to referral to a gynecologist. History and physical examination are the precipitants.
Your role: Share any changes you’ve noticed openly.
Step 2
Imaging & Ultrasound Evaluation
Step 3
D&C or Endometrial Biopsy
Step 4
Molecular and Genetic Testing
Step 5
Staging & Risk Assessment
Step 6
Individualized Treatment Planning
Endometrial Cancer Treatment & Therapy
Chemotherapy
What it does:
Destroys quickly growing cancer cells within the body.
Treated for:
Advanced, recurrent, or aggressive forms (such as serous or clear cell).
Recovery:
Given in cycles; side effects are loss of hair, nausea, and weakness.
Targeted Therapy
What it does :
Inhibits unique molecules propelling cancer growth (e.g., HER2, PI3K pathways).
Treated for:
Advanced cancers with unique genetic alterations.
Recovery:
Side effects vary with the drug; less harmful compared to classic chemo.
Immunotherapy
What it does:
Triggers the immune system to identify and fight cancer cells.
Used for:
Mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) endometrial cancer.
Drugs used:
Pembrolizumab, dostarlimab.
Recovery:
Can result in fatigue, rash, or inflammation of organs (rare).
Hormone Therapy
What it does:
Employ medications such as progestins to suppress hormones that nourish cancer growth.
Treated for:
Slow-growing cancers in patients who are not candidates for surgery or who have metastasis.
Recovery:
Usually well tolerated; weight gain and blood clot are potential risks.
Combination Therapy
What it is:
Uses more than one modality (e.g., surgery and chemo or chemo and immunotherapy) to maximize effectiveness.
Used for:
Advanced or recurrent cancers.
Recovery:
Closely monitored due to compounded side effects.
Palliative Care
What it does:
Treats pain, symptoms, and emotional distress in advanced stages.
Treatment for:
Advanced or incurable endometrial cancers.
Recovery:
Improves quality of life and daily function.
Hysterectomy (with or without salpingo-oophorectomy)
What it does:
Removes uterus, and frequently the ovaries and fallopian tubes, to destroy the primary site of cancer.
Treatment for:
Most early-stage endometrial cancer.
Recovery:
Hospital stay of 1–2 days, with recovery in 4–6 weeks depending on type of approach (open, laparoscopic, or robotic).
Lymph Node Dissection
What it does:
Evaluates spread and informs treatment planning by removing lymph nodes around the uterus.
Treatment for:
Intermediate- to high-risk cancer.
Recovery:
Varies by degree; can pose risk of swelling (lymphedema).
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT)
What it does:
Directs high-energy beams to reach and kill cancer cells in the pelvis.
Treatment for:
Advanced or high-risk disease following surgery.
Recovery:
Outpatient, non-surgical treatment over several weeks; fatigue and skin irritation are usual.
Vaginal Brachytherapy
What it does:
Inserts a radioactive source within the vagina to destroy remaining cancer cells.
Treatment for:
Early-stage cancers following surgery with moderate risk.
Recovery:
Brief, localized treatment with few side effects.
Management & Prevention
Moving Forward with Strength
•Recovery from endometrial cancer is not merely a matter of the medical visits, but increasing physical health, emotional stability, and everyday living with strength and support.
Monitoring Hormone Balance
•Changes after treatment may require assistance in the form of drugs and follow-up for menopausal syndrome.
Rehabilitation Support
•Pelvic floor physio and surgical rehabilitation help manage side effects like lymphedema and improve mobility.
Follow-Up Care
•Routine imaging, blood tests, and pelvic examinations are significant to recurrence monitoring and overall well-being.
Mental Health Counseling
•Availability of psycho-oncology, a support group, or counseling can be used to cope with anxiety, body image, or fear of recurrence.
Peer Support
•Survivor well-being programs allow women to build confidence and live a normal life after treatment.
Mindfulness & Healing
•Yoga, meditation, writing, and spiritual healing modalities bring emotional stabilization and tranquility in recovery.
Nutrition for Recovery
•Plant-based, fiber-rich diet assists in the balance of weight and hormones, particularly in obesity or past history of diabetes.
Weight Management
•Healthy lifestyle changes like yoga, walking, and instinctive eating reduce recurrence risk and increase energy.
Sexual & Reproductive Health
•Open communication about intimacy, vaginal health, and fertility preservation are some of the key components of life after treatment.
Why Choose Everhope For Endometrial Cancer?
At Everhope, we combine specialist gynecologic oncologists, state-of-the-art diagnostics, and individualized care to guide women through every phase of their recovery.
new cases annually in India
women die globally each year due to endometrial cancer
most common cancer in women
FAQs on Endometrial Cancer
No question is too small when it comes to your care
Yes, Endometrial cancer is the most frequent form of uterine cancer, developing in the lining of the uterus known as the endometrium.
The most frequent early signs include unusual vaginal bleeding after menopause, spotting between menstrual periods, pelvic pain, and abnormal discharge.
Yes, As most of the cases present with symptoms such as bleeding, early diagnosis can be made by pelvic examination and ultrasound if the symptoms are reported early.
Obesity, age greater than 50 years, hormone imbalance (particularly excess estrogen), diabetes, and a history of abnormal periods or Lynch syndrome are the primary risk factors.
Treatment usually consists of surgery (hysterectomy), potentially followed by radiation, hormone treatment, or chemotherapy, depending on the stage and type of cancer.
If the cancer is diagnosed early and fertility-sparing therapy is employed, pregnancy might be feasible. Pre-treatment fertility counseling is necessary.
Yes, women with Lynch syndrome or with a family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer might be at increased genetic risk.
Healthy weight, diabetic control, birth control pills under medical supervision, and checkups can reduce risk.
Yes, follow-up is important to check for recurrence and deal with long-term side effects of treatment on physical and emotional health.
Find a Centre Near You
Gurgaon EBD 65
EBD 65, Sector 65, Golf Course Extension Road, Gurgaon